The nerve toxins generated by the bacterium Clostridium tetani cause tetanus, an acute, frequently deadly illness of the neurological system. This bacteria can be found in soil, intestines of both humans and animals, and around the planet. Additionally, the bacteria can remain dormant in its spore form for years before activating and changing into a consistently reproducing bacterium.
Tetanus
History
Ancient people were aware of tetanus and understood the connection between wounds and lethal muscle spasms. The tetanus toxin, which resembles strychnine, was first discovered in 1884 by Arthur Nicolaier in free-living, anaerobic soil bacteria. Two pathologists from the University of Turin, Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone, who first established Clostridium tetani's transmissibility, further clarified the disease's origin in 1884. They put pus from a tetanus patient into the sciatic nerves of rabbits to create it.
After discovering that C. tetani could cause disease when injected into animals and that the toxin could be neutralized by particular antibodies, Kitasato Shibasabur isolated the organism from a human victim in 1891. Edmond Nocard demonstrated in 1897 that tetanus antitoxin may be used for both prevention and therapy by inducing passive immunity in people. P. Descombey created the tetanus toxoid vaccine in 1924, and it was widely utilized to stop tetanus caused by combat wounds during World War II.
Epidemiology
In 2013 it caused about 59,000 deaths down from 356,000 in 1990. Tetanus in particular, the neonatal form remains a significant public health problem in non-industrialized countries with 59,000 newborns worldwide dying in 2008 as a result of neonatal tetanus. In the United States, from 2000 through 2007 an average of 31 cases were reported per year. Nearly all of the cases in the United States occur in unimmunized individuals or individuals who have allowed their inoculations to lapse.
Types
Generalized Tetanus – It is the most common form which making up about 80% of all cases. It usually presents with a descending pattern starting from the jaw area and facial spasms down to the neck and then the chest muscles.
Neonatal Tetanus – This occurs in newly born children, which is usually caused by an infection of the umbilical stump. The incubation period is only about 4 days, but immunization of the mother gives her child what is called passive immunity.
Local Tetanus – In this type, contractions and spasms are only limited to the site of injury. It usually lasts for a few weeks, then subsides to a milder and less threatening form of tetanus. Proper treatment is required in order to avoid its development into generalized tetanus.
Cephalic Tetanus – This is the rarest type and in some cases occurs alongside an ear infection.
Risk factors of Tetanus
The following increase your likelihood of getting it:
Failure to get vaccinated or to keep up to date with booster shots
An injury that lets tetanus spores into the wound
A foreign body, such as a nail or splinter
It has developed from the following:
Puncture wounds including from splinters, body piercings, tattoos, injection drugs
Gunshot wounds
Compound fractures
Burns
Surgical wounds
Injection drug use
Animal or insect bites
Infected foot ulcers
Dental infections
Infected umbilical stumps in newborns born of inadequately immunized mothers
Causes
Tetanus is caused by the Clostridium tetani spores are able to survive for a long time outside of the body. They are most commonly found in animal manure and contaminated soil, but may exist virtually anywhere.
When Clostridium tetani enter the body, they multiply rapidly and release tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin. When tetanospasmin enters the bloodstream, it rapidly spreads around the body, causing its symptoms.
Tetanospasmin interferes with the signals traveling from the brain to the nerves in the spinal cord, and then on to the muscles, causing muscle spasms and stiffness.
Puncture wounds – Clostridium tetani enters the body mainly through skin lesions (skin cut or puncture wound). Thoroughly cleaning any cut helps prevent an infection from developing.
Symptoms of Tetanus
Symptoms include:
Jaw cramping
Sudden, involuntary muscle tightening (muscle spasms) often in the stomach
Painful muscle stiffness all over the body
Trouble swallowing
Jerking or staring (seizures)
Headache
Fever and sweating
Changes in blood pressure and a fast heart rate
Complications
Once tetanus toxin has bonded to your nerve endings it is impossible to remove. Complete recovery from this infection requires new nerve endings to grow, which can take up to several months.
Complications may include:
Broken bones: The severity of spasms may cause the spine and other bones to break.
Blockage of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism): A blood clot that has traveled from elsewhere in your body can block the main artery of the lung or one of its branches.
Death: Severe tetanus-induced (tetanic) muscle spasms can interfere with or stop your breathing. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death. Lack of oxygen may also induce cardiac arrest and death. Pneumonia is another cause of death.
Diagnosis of Tetanus
Doctors diagnosis is based on a physical exam, medical and immunization history, and the signs and symptoms of muscle spasms, stiffness and pain. Laboratory tests generally aren’t helpful for diagnosing the infection of Clostridium tetani.
Treatment and medications
Since there’s no cure for this disease, treatment consists of wound care, medications to ease symptoms and supportive care.
Wound care
Cleaning the wound is essential to preventing growth of spores. This involves removing dirt, foreign objects and dead tissue from the wound.
Medications
Antitoxin: Your doctor may give you a tetanus antitoxin, such as tetanus immune globulin. However, the antitoxin can neutralize only toxin that hasn’t yet bonded to nerve tissue.
Antibiotics: Your doctor may also give you antibiotics, either orally or by injection, to fight tetanus bacteria.
Vaccine: All people infected with Clostridium tetani should receive the tetanus vaccine as soon as they’re diagnosed with the condition.
Prevention of Tetanus
Exclusion of people with tetanus from childcare, preschool, school and work is not necessary.
Protection is provided by a tetanus-containing vaccine which is given in combination with other vaccines as part of routine childhood immunisation. The first dose of tetanus vaccine, in combination with other vaccines, is now recommended to be given at 6 weeks of age. A tetanus booster is recommended at 3½ years of age and between 12 and 15 years of age. A booster is also recommended at age 50 years and prior to travelling overseas, if one has not been given in the previous 10 years.
For adolescents and adults, the combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (dTpa) vaccine is preferred, if not given previously, as it will also provide protection against whooping cough (pertussis).: Doctors generally use powerful sedatives to control muscle spasms.
Other drugs: Other medications, such as magnesium sulfate and certain beta blockers, might be used to regulate involuntary muscle activity, such as your heartbeat and breathing. Morphine might be used for this purpose as well as sedation.
Supportive therapies
Severe infection of Clostridium tetani often requires a long stay in an intensive care setting. Since sedatives can inhibit breathing, you might temporarily need a ventilator.
Protection against Tetanus
It is not necessary to keep those who have tetanus out of daycare, preschool, school, and the workforce.
A vaccination that contains tetanus is given along with other vaccines as part of standard childhood immunization, and it offers protection. Tetanus vaccination is now advised to begin at 6 weeks of age in conjunction with other vaccinations. At 3 12 years old and between the ages of 12 and 15, a tetanus booster is advised. If a booster hasn't been provided in the last ten years, it's also advised to get one around age 50 and before traveling abroad.
If not previously administered, the combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (dTpa) vaccine is suggested for adolescents and adults because it will additionally protect against whooping cough (pertussis).
Boosters every 10 years are no longer recommended.
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